Head diseases (nervous system)

Infantile Convulsions (Febrile Seizures and Other Types)

Infantile convulsions refer to sudden, involuntary muscle movements and loss of consciousness that occur in infants or young children, often as a result of an underlying medical condition. These convulsions are not diseases themselves but are symptoms of a broader issue, particularly involving the nervous system or metabolic balance.

Causes of Infantile Convulsions

The most common cause of infantile convulsions is a rapid change in body temperature, usually due to fever. These are known as febrile seizures and typically affect children between 4 months and 6 years. Other possible causes include:

• Brain infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis
• Birth-related trauma affecting the brain
• Genetic or developmental disorders of the brain
• Brain tumors or lesions
• Metabolic imbalances, such as:
  • Hypocalcemia (low calcium levels)
  • Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
  • Electrolyte imbalances
• Parathyroid gland disorders, which affect calcium levels
• Epilepsy, particularly if convulsions occur repeatedly without fever

Symptoms of Infantile Convulsions

• Sudden loss of consciousness
• Muscle stiffening or jerking
• Rolling of the eyes
• Clenched fists
• Difficulty breathing during the episode
• Pale or bluish skin tone
• Crying or irritability after regaining consciousness
• Drowsiness or confusion following the seizure

Convulsions typically last a few seconds to a few minutes. If a seizure lasts more than 5 minutes, it is considered a medical emergency.

What to Do When a Convulsion Happens

If your child has a convulsion:

1. Stay calm – Panicking can make it harder to help the child.
2. Place the child on a flat surface, preferably on their side, to prevent choking if they vomit.
3. Do not put anything in the child's mouth – This can cause injury.
4. Do not try to restrain their movements.
5. Loosen any tight clothing, especially around the neck.
6. Time the seizure – If it lasts more than 5 minutes, call emergency services immediately.
7. After the convulsion, let the child rest and seek immediate medical attention.

When to See a Doctor or Neurologist

• If it's the child's first seizure
• If seizures are recurring or prolonged
• If the child has difficulty breathing, turns blue, or does not regain consciousness quickly
• If the seizure occurs without a fever
• If the child shows signs of developmental delay, weakness, or changes in behavior

A neurologist may perform tests such as an EEG (electroencephalogram), MRI, or blood tests to determine the underlying cause and suggest appropriate treatment.

Treatment and Prevention

Fever Management

• If your child is sick, monitor their temperature regularly.
• Avoid rapid cooling methods, such as ice baths or very cold compresses, which can trigger shock or seizures.
• Use lukewarm sponging, appropriate clothing, and moderate antipyretics (e.g., paracetamol) as recommended by your doctor.

Nutritional Support

• If the seizures are linked to calcium deficiency:
  • Include calcium-rich foods in the child's diet such as soy milk, leafy greens, tofu, and fortified cereals.
  • Administer vitamin D supplements as prescribed to help the body absorb calcium.

Medication

• In some cases, the doctor may prescribe anticonvulsant medications to prevent further seizures, especially if they are frequent or unexplained.
• Treating the underlying cause, such as an infection or hormonal imbalance, is essential for long-term management.

Preventing Recurrence

• Ensure regular medical check-ups for early detection of any neurological or metabolic issues.
• Maintain a balanced diet for your child, rich in essential nutrients.
• Keep vaccinations up to date to prevent infections that could cause fever.
• Educate caregivers and family members on first aid for seizures so they can respond calmly and effectively.

Conclusion

Infantile convulsions, while alarming, are often manageable with proper care, diagnosis, and treatment. Parents and caregivers should remain vigilant, understand the symptoms, and ensure that children receive medical attention when needed. Preventive care, especially during fever episodes or illnesses, can significantly reduce the likelihood of seizures.